Transhumanism: from intellectual movement to philosophical current
Main Article Content
Abstract
The dream of transcending human limitations dates back to centuries-old tales and stories. This fostered the emergence of the transhumanist movement, a multifaceted movement, centuries old and which was a driving force behind the Transhumanist philosophy, which advocates the use of advanced technologies to improve the human condition and overcome biological limitations, such as aging or intellectual limitations. With its roots in the Enlightenment and Humanism, it proposes a continuous evolution of intelligent life, guided by principles of rationality and ethics, which respect individual freedom and ensure the well-being of all sentience. The implementation of these ideals requires that technological advances are widely accessible and safe, avoiding existential risks and promoting an organized, informed and free society, so that their choices regarding the direction that human improvement technologies can take can be fair, plural and inclusive.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
The author of the article or book reviews submitted and approved for publication authorizes the editors to reproduce it and publish it in the journal O que nos faz pensar, with the terms “reproduction” and “publication” being understood in accordance with the definitions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. The article or book reviews may be accessed both via the World Wide Web – Internet (WWW – Internet), and in printed form, its being permitted, free of charge, to consult and reproduce the text for the personal use of whoever consults it. This authorization of publication has no time limit, with the editors of the journal O que nos faz pensar being responsible for maintaining the identification of the author of the article.
References
AGAR, N. Why we should defend gene editing as eugenics. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Cambridge, v. 28, n. 1, p. 9-19, 2019.
ALLHOFF, F.; LIN, P.; MOOR, J.; WECKERT. J. Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers. Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology, v. 4, n. 1, 2010.
ASLA, M. El transhumanismo (TH) como ideologia: ambigüedades y dificultades de la fe em el progresso. SCIO: Revista de Filosofia. Valencia, n. 15, p. 63-96, nov. 2018.
BACON, F. Novum Organum. Pará de Minas: M&M editores, 2003. E-Book.
BARTH, K. Protestant theology in the nineteenth century: its background and history. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012.
BLACKFORD, R. WTA changes its images. Metamagician3000, 18 jul 2008.
BOHAN, E. A history of transhumanism. 2018. Tese (Doutorado em História Moderna) - Macquarie University, Faculdade de Artes, Departamento de História Moderna, Sydney, 2018.
BOSTROM, N. What is Transhumanism?. Nick Bostrom's Home Page, 2001.
BOSTROM, N. Existential risks: analyzing human extinction scenarios and related hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, Connecticut v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-30, 2002.
BOSTROM, N. Human genetic enhancements: a transhumanist perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry,[S.l.], v. 37, n. 4, p. 493-506, 2003.
BOSTROM, N. The future of human evolution. In: TANDY, C. Death and anti‐death: two hundred years after kant, fifty years after turing. Palo Alto: Ria University Press, 2004. p. 339-371.
BOSTROM, N. A history of transhumanist thought. Journal of Evolution and Technology, Connecticut, v. 14, n. 1, p. 1-25, 2005a.
BOSTROM, N. Valores Transhumanistas. IERFH - Instituto Ética, Racionalidade e Futuro da Humanidade, [S.l.], 2005b.
BOSTROM, N. In defence of posthuman dignity. Bioethics, Oxford, v. 19, n. 3, p. 202-214, 2005c.
BOSTROM, N.; ROACHE, R. Ethical issues in human enhancement. In: RYBERG, J.; PETERSEN, T.; WOLF, C. New waves in applied ethics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 120-152.
BOSTROM, N.; SANDBERG, A. The wisdom of nature: an evolutionary heuristic for human enhancement. In: HO, E. (Ed). Philosophical issues in pharmaceutics: development, dispensing, and use. Dordrecht: Springer Publishing, 2017, p. 189–219.
BUCHANAN, A.; BROCK, D. W.; WIKLER, D.; DANIELS, N. From chance to choice: genetics and justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
CARRETERO-GONZÁLEZ, M. The posthuman that could have been: mary shelley’s creature. Relations: Beyond anthropocentrism, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 53-64, jun. 2016.
CHU, T. Human purpose and transhuman potential: a cosmic vision for our future evolution. San Rafael: Origin Press, 2014.
CONDORCET, M. Outlines of historical view of the progresso of the human mind. Filadélfia: Lang and Ustick. 1795.
DARWIN, C. A origem das espécies e a seleção natural. São Paulo: Madras, 2020.
DE CHARDIN, P. T. The phenomenon of man. Nova Iorque: Harperperennial. 1955.
DE CHARDIN, P. T. The Future of Man. Nova Iorque: Doubleday, 2004.
DUBLJEVIĆ, V. Neuroethics, justice and autonomy: public reason in the cognitive enhancement debate. Suiça: Springer Cham, 2019.
ESFANDIARY, F.M. (FM-2030). Up-wingers: a futurist manifesto. Nova Iorque: John Day Co, 1973.
ETTINGER, R. The prospect of immortality. Nova Iorque: Ria University Press, 2005a.
ETTINGER, R. Man into Superman. Nova Iorque: Ria University Press, 2005b.
FARAH, M. J.; ILLES, J.; COOK-DEEGAN, R.; GARDNER, H.; KANDEL, E.; KING, P.; PARENS, E.; SAHAKIAN, B.; WOLPE, P. R. Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we do and what should we do?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Suiça, n. 5, p. 421-425, 2004.
FEITO GRANDE, L. H+ transhumanismo. In: ACOSTA, J. de. Nuevas perspectivas científicas y filosóficas sobre el ser humano. Madri: Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2007. p. 219-237.
FERRY, L. A revolução transumanista. Tradução Éric R. R. Heneault. Barueri: Manole, 2018.
FUKUYAMA, F. Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biothecnology revolution. Nova Iorque: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2002.
GARCIA, J. L. Biotecnologia e biocapitalismo global. Tecnologia: perspectivas críticas e culturais. Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidad de Lisboa, Lisboa, v. 41, n. 181, p. 981-1009, 2006.
GOOD, I. J. Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine. Advances in Computers, [S.l.], v. 6, p. 31-88, 1966.
HABERMAS, J. O futuro da natureza humana: a caminho de uma eugenia liberal?. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2004.
HALDANE, J. B. S. Daedalus; or, Science and the future. Nova Iorque: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1924.
HARRISON, P.; WOLYNIAK, J. The history of “transhumanism”. Notes and queries, Oxford, v. 62, n. 3, p. 465-467, 2015.
HOTTOIS, G. Le transhumanisme est-il un humanisme?. Bruxelas: Académie royale de Belgique, 2014.
HUGHES, J. Citizen Cyborg: Why democratic societies must respond to the redesigned human of the future. Nova Iorque: Basic Books. 2004.
HUGHES, J. The politics of transhumanism and the techno-millennial imagination, 1626-2030. Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science, Londres: University College London, v. 47 n. 4, p. 757–776, dez 2012.
HUMANITY+. The transhumanist declaration. [S.l.], 2009.
HUMANITY+. Transhumanist FAQ. [S.l.], 2022.
HUXLEY, J. Knowledge, Morality, and Destiny: I. Psychiatry, Nova Iorque, v. 14, n. 2, p. 129-140, 1951.
HUXLEY, J. New bottles for new wine. Londres: Chatto & Windus, 1957.
JOHNSTON, M., LEWIS, D., SMITH, M. Dispositional theoris of values. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary, Nova Jersey, v. 63, p. 89–174. 1989.
JONES, N. R. The Jameson Satellite. Project Gutenberg, 2008. .
KANT, I. Resposta à questão: O que é Esclarecimento?. Tradução: Márcio Pugliesi. Cognitio: Revista de Filosofia, São Paulo, v. 13, n. 1, p. 145-154, jan/jun 2012.
KASS, L. Life, liberty and the defense of dignity: the challenge for bioethics. São Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002.
KASS, L. Defending human rights. In: PELLEGRINO, E. D; SCHULMAN, A; MERRILL, T. W. Human dignity and bioethics. Indiana: Notre Dame, 2009. p. 297-333.
KASS, L. Preventing a Brave New World. In: SANDLER, R. L. (ed.). Ethics and emerging technologies. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. p. 76-89.
KWOK, S. From Copernicus to Enlightenment. In: KWOK, S. Our place in the universe – ii: the scientific approach to discovery, Nova Iorque: Springer publishing company, 2021. p. 1-14.
MCINTOSH, D. The transhuman security dilema. Journal of evolution and technology, Connecticut, v. 21, n. 2, p. 32-48, 2010.
MINSKY, M. Steps toward artificial intelligence. Proceedings of the IRE. MIT - Research lab., v. 49, n. 1, p. 8-30, 1960.
MORE, M. TRANSHUMANISM: Towards a Futurist Philosophy. Extropy. [S.l.], n. 6, p. 6-12, 1990.
MORE, M. The Extropian principles version 3.0: A Transhumanist Declaration. [S.l.; S.n.] 1998.
MORE, M. The philosophy of transhumanism. In: MORE, M. (Coord). The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future. Nova Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013a, p. 3-17.
MORE, M. Hyperagency as a core attraction and repellant for transhumanism. Existenz, v. 8, n. 2, p. 14-18, 2013b.
OLIVEIRA, J. R. Um Adão biotecnológico: sobre a secularização dos antigos ideais religiosos pelo trans-humanismo. Revista Pistis & Práxis: Teologia e Pastoral, Curitiba, v. 9, p. 861-886, 2017.
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. New threats to human security in the antropocene: demanding greater solidarity. Nova Iorque: UNDP, 2022.
PESSINI, L. Bioética, humanismo e pós-humanismo no século XXI: em busca de um novo ser. Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira, Petrópolis, v. 77, n. 306, p. 301-347, 2017.
ROACHE, R.; SAVULESCU, J. Enhancing Conservatism. In: CLARKE, S. et al (eds.). The ethics of human enhancement: understanding the debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 145-159.
RÜDIGER, F. Cibercultura e pós-humanismo: exercícios de arqueologia e criticismo. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2008.
SÁENZ, T. W.; SOUZA-PAULA, M. C. D. Convergência Tecnológica. Brasília: Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos, 2008.
SANDBERG, A. Transhumanism and the meaning of life. In: TROTHEN, T.; MERCER, C. (eds). Religion and transhumanism: the unknown future of human enhancement. Londres: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. p. 3-22.
SANDEL, M. J. What's Wrong with Enhancement. The President’s Council on Bioethics. 2002.
SANDBERG, A.; SAVULESCU, J. The Social and Economic Impacts of Cognitive Enhancement. In: SAVULESCU, J. (Coord.). Enhancing Human Capacities. Reino Unido: Blackwell Publishing, 2011. p. 92-113.
SAVULESCU, J. Rational freedom and six mistakes of a bioconservative. The American Journal of Bioethics, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 7, p. 1-5, 2019.
SINGER, P.; VEIT, W.; ANOMALY, J.; AGAR, N.; FLEISCHMAN, D. S.; MINERVA, F. Can 'eugenics' be defended?. Monash bioethics review, [S.l.], n. 39, v. 1, p. 60–67, 2021.
SPARROW, R. Yesterday’s child: how gene editing for enhancement will produce obsolescence - and why it matters, The American Journal of Bioethics, v. 19, n. 7, p. 6-15, 2019.
VAN DUISEN, M. 10 mythological ways to become immortal. Listverse, 2013.
VINGE, V. The coming technological singularity: How to survive in the post-human era. In: LATHAN, R. Science fiction criticism: An anthology of essential writings, Londres: Bloomsburry Publishing, 1993. p. 352-363.
VITA-MORE, N. Life expansion media. In: MORE, M. (Coord). The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future. Nova Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2013. p. 157-173.
VITA-MORE, N. History of Transhumanism. In: LEE, N (Ed.). The transhumanism handbook. Suiça: Springer Nature, 2019. p. 49-61.